diff --git a/xo-expression2/include/xo/expression2/DLambdaExpr.hpp b/xo-expression2/include/xo/expression2/DLambdaExpr.hpp
index b21a37ce..30ed2b74 100644
--- a/xo-expression2/include/xo/expression2/DLambdaExpr.hpp
+++ b/xo-expression2/include/xo/expression2/DLambdaExpr.hpp
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ namespace xo {
 
             DLocalSymtab * local_symtab() const noexcept { return local_symtab_; }
             size_type n_args() const noexcept { return local_symtab_->size(); }
+            obj<AExpression> body_expr() const noexcept { return body_expr_; }
 
             // get_free_variables()
             // visit_preorder()
diff --git a/xo-interpreter2/CMakeLists.txt b/xo-interpreter2/CMakeLists.txt
index ae8893a6..8a1b1b3c 100644
--- a/xo-interpreter2/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/xo-interpreter2/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -104,16 +104,17 @@ xo_add_genfacetimpl(
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # note: manual target; generated code committed to git
-xo_add_genfacetimpl(
-    TARGET xo-interpreter2-facetimpl-procedure-closure
-    FACET_PKG xo_procedure2
-    FACET Procedure
-    REPR Closure
-    INPUT idl/IProcedure_DClosure.json5
-    OUTPUT_HPP_DIR include/xo/interpreter2
-    OUTPUT_IMPL_SUBDIR detail
-    OUTPUT_CPP_DIR src/interpreter2
-)
+#
+#xo_add_genfacetimpl(
+#    TARGET xo-interpreter2-facetimpl-procedure-closure
+#    FACET_PKG xo_procedure2
+#    FACET Procedure
+#    REPR Closure
+#    INPUT idl/IProcedure_DClosure.json5
+#    OUTPUT_HPP_DIR include/xo/interpreter2
+#    OUTPUT_IMPL_SUBDIR detail
+#    OUTPUT_CPP_DIR src/interpreter2
+#)
 
 # note: manual target; generated code committed to git
 xo_add_genfacetimpl(
diff --git a/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/Closure.hpp b/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/Closure.hpp
index 5bbeb9b8..dc9272fe 100644
--- a/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/Closure.hpp
+++ b/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/Closure.hpp
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "DClosure.hpp"
-#include "detail/IProcedure_DClosure.hpp"
+//#include "detail/IProcedure_DClosure.hpp"
 #include "detail/IGCObject_DClosure.hpp"
 #include "detail/IPrintable_DClosure.hpp"
 
diff --git a/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/DVsmApplyClosureFrame.hpp b/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/DVsmApplyClosureFrame.hpp
index 185b818f..a98d5713 100644
--- a/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/DVsmApplyClosureFrame.hpp
+++ b/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/DVsmApplyClosureFrame.hpp
@@ -28,6 +28,16 @@ namespace xo {
                                   VsmInstr cont,
                                   DLocalEnv * env);
 
+            /** create instance, using memory from @p mm **/
+            static DVsmApplyClosureFrame * make(obj<AAllocator> mm,
+                                                obj<AGCObject> stack,
+                                                VsmInstr cont,
+                                                DLocalEnv * env);
+
+            obj<AGCObject> stack() const { return stack_; }
+            VsmInstr cont() const { return cont_; }
+            DLocalEnv * local_env() const { return local_env_; }
+
             /** gcobject facet **/
             std::size_t shallow_size() const noexcept;
             DVsmApplyClosureFrame * shallow_copy(obj<AAllocator> mm) const noexcept;
diff --git a/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/DVsmApplyFrame.hpp b/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/DVsmApplyFrame.hpp
index b4b46de2..a5df3504 100644
--- a/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/DVsmApplyFrame.hpp
+++ b/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/DVsmApplyFrame.hpp
@@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ namespace xo {
 
             obj<AGCObject> parent() const noexcept { return parent_; }
             VsmInstr cont() const noexcept { return cont_; }
-            obj<AProcedure> fn() const noexcept { return fn_; }
+            obj<AGCObject> fn() const noexcept { return fn_; }
             DArray * args() const noexcept { return args_; }
 
-            void assign_fn(obj<AProcedure> x) { this->fn_ = x; }
+            void assign_fn(obj<AGCObject> x) { this->fn_ = x; }
 
             std::size_t shallow_size() const noexcept;
             DVsmApplyFrame * shallow_copy(obj<AAllocator> mm) const noexcept;
@@ -51,9 +51,13 @@ namespace xo {
              *
              *  note: when initially created, this will be unpopulated;
              *        don't know correct value until we evaluate
-             *        expression in head position
+             *        expression in head position.
+             *
+             *  Must exhibit either:
+             *  1. AProcedure    facet (runs natively)
+             *  2. AVsmProcedure facet (requires schematika runtime)
              **/
-            obj<AProcedure> fn_;
+            obj<AGCObject> fn_;
             /** evaluated arguments (to target procedure) **/
             DArray * args_;
         };
diff --git a/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/VirtualSchematikaMachine.hpp b/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/VirtualSchematikaMachine.hpp
index 67307700..569d9d48 100644
--- a/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/VirtualSchematikaMachine.hpp
+++ b/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/VirtualSchematikaMachine.hpp
@@ -176,16 +176,28 @@ namespace xo {
              **/
             void _do_evalargs_op();
 
+            /** call closure @ref fn_ with arguments @ref args_ **/
+            void _do_call_closure_op();
+            /** call primitive @ref fn_ with arguments @ref args_ **/
+            void _do_call_primitive_op();
+
+            /** restore registers from stack frame
+             *  (specifically: local_env_, stack_, cont_)
+             *  after invoking a schematika closure
+             **/
+            void _do_applycoda_op();
+
+
         private:
             /*
              * Some registers are preserved by evaluation:
              *   stack_
              *   cont_
+             *   local_env_
              *
              * Other registers not preserved
              *   pc_
              *   expr_
-             *   local_env_
              *   fn_
              *   args_
              *   value_
@@ -244,8 +256,8 @@ namespace xo {
             DGlobalEnv * global_env_ = nullptr;
 
         private:
-            /** function to call **/
-            obj<AProcedure> fn_;
+            /** evaluated function to call **/
+            obj<AGCObject> fn_;
             /** evaluated argument list **/
             DArray * args_;
 
diff --git a/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/VsmInstr.hpp b/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/VsmInstr.hpp
index ec836c4d..bdde3ab7 100644
--- a/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/VsmInstr.hpp
+++ b/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/VsmInstr.hpp
@@ -19,12 +19,20 @@ namespace xo {
             static VsmInstr c_apply;
             static VsmInstr c_evalargs;
 
+            /** restore registers after calling a schematika closure **/
+            static VsmInstr c_applycoda;
+
             vsm_opcode opcode() const noexcept { return opcode_; }
 
         private:
             vsm_opcode opcode_;
         };
 
+        inline bool
+        operator==(VsmInstr x, VsmInstr y) noexcept {
+            return x.opcode() == y.opcode();
+        }
+
         inline std::ostream &
         operator<<(std::ostream & os, VsmInstr x) {
             os << x.opcode();
diff --git a/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/VsmOpcode.hpp b/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/VsmOpcode.hpp
index 2c58c04f..ec21b988 100644
--- a/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/VsmOpcode.hpp
+++ b/xo-interpreter2/include/xo/interpreter2/VsmOpcode.hpp
@@ -28,6 +28,11 @@ namespace xo {
              **/
             evalargs,
 
+            /** Coda to restore vsm registers (local_env, stack, cont)
+             *  after invoking a closure
+             **/
+            applycoda,
+
             /** sentinel, counts number of opcodes **/
             N,
         };
diff --git a/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/CMakeLists.txt b/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/CMakeLists.txt
index 4a477874..1ddb3207 100644
--- a/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ set(SELF_SRCS
     IPrintable_DVsmApplyClosureFrame.cpp
 
     DClosure.cpp
-    IProcedure_DClosure.cpp
     IGCObject_DClosure.cpp
     IPrintable_DClosure.cpp
 
diff --git a/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/DClosure.cpp b/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/DClosure.cpp
index 8aa7997b..53015068 100644
--- a/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/DClosure.cpp
+++ b/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/DClosure.cpp
@@ -36,6 +36,14 @@ namespace xo {
         DClosure::apply_nocheck(obj<ARuntimeContext> rcx,
                                 const DArray * args)
         {
+            // control here only if you try to invoke a closure
+            // as a procedure.
+            //
+            // May support this later, but requires
+            // nesting VSM (because call consumes c++ stack)
+            //
+            // typically prefer trampoline built into VSM
+
             (void)args;
 
             scope log(XO_DEBUG(true));
@@ -45,23 +53,6 @@ namespace xo {
 
             log && log(xtag("vsm_rcx.data", (void*)vsm_rcx.data()));
 
-            // we already checked this stuff before calling apply_nocheck()
-           // assert (n_args == args->size());
-
-#ifdef NOT_YET
-            auto local_env
-                = DLocalEnv::_make(vsm_rcx->allocator(),
-                                   env_, 
-                                   lambda_->local_symtab(),
-                                   args);
-#endif
-
-            // plan:
-            // 1. push current local environment to vsm stack_
-            // 2. set expr_ to lambda body
-            // 2. set pc_ to eval
-            // 3. set cont_ to restore local_env_
-
             auto err_mm
                 = vsm_rcx->error_allocator();
 
diff --git a/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/DVsmApplyClosureFrame.cpp b/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/DVsmApplyClosureFrame.cpp
index b7962ebd..6a86ce27 100644
--- a/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/DVsmApplyClosureFrame.cpp
+++ b/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/DVsmApplyClosureFrame.cpp
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 namespace xo {
     using xo::mm::AGCObject;
+    using xo::reflect::typeseq;
 
     namespace scm {
 
@@ -18,6 +19,18 @@ namespace xo {
               local_env_{local_env}
         {}
 
+        DVsmApplyClosureFrame *
+        DVsmApplyClosureFrame::make(obj<AAllocator> mm,
+                                    obj<AGCObject> stack,
+                                    VsmInstr cont,
+                                    DLocalEnv * local_env)
+        {
+            void * mem = mm.alloc(typeseq::id<DVsmApplyClosureFrame>(),
+                                  sizeof(DVsmApplyClosureFrame));
+
+            return new (mem) DVsmApplyClosureFrame(stack, cont, local_env);
+        }
+
         std::size_t
         DVsmApplyClosureFrame::shallow_size() const noexcept
         {
diff --git a/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/IProcedure_DClosure.cpp b/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/IProcedure_DClosure.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index b41c7be1..00000000
--- a/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/IProcedure_DClosure.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-/** @file IProcedure_DClosure.cpp
- *
- *  Generated automagically from ingredients:
- *  1. code generator:
- *       [xo-facet/codegen/genfacet]
- *     arguments:
- *       --input [idl/IProcedure_DClosure.json5]
- *  2. jinja2 template for abstract facet .hpp file:
- *       [iface_facet_any.hpp.j2]
- *  3. idl for facet methods
- *       [idl/IProcedure_DClosure.json5]
-**/
-
-#include "detail/IProcedure_DClosure.hpp"
-
-namespace xo {
-    namespace scm {
-        auto
-        IProcedure_DClosure::is_nary(const DClosure & self) noexcept -> bool
-        {
-            return self.is_nary();
-        }
-
-        auto
-        IProcedure_DClosure::n_args(const DClosure & self) noexcept -> std::int32_t
-        {
-            return self.n_args();
-        }
-
-        auto
-        IProcedure_DClosure::apply_nocheck(DClosure & self, obj<ARuntimeContext> rcx, const DArray * args) -> obj<AGCObject>
-        {
-            return self.apply_nocheck(rcx, args);
-        }
-
-    } /*namespace scm*/
-} /*namespace xo*/
-
-/* end IProcedure_DClosure.cpp */
diff --git a/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/VirtualSchematikaMachine.cpp b/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/VirtualSchematikaMachine.cpp
index 1242375a..8ff78ae0 100644
--- a/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/VirtualSchematikaMachine.cpp
+++ b/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/VirtualSchematikaMachine.cpp
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include "VirtualSchematikaMachine.hpp"
 #include "VsmApplyFrame.hpp"
 #include "VsmEvalArgsFrame.hpp"
+#include "VsmApplyClosureFrame.hpp"
 #include "VsmRcx.hpp"
 #include "Closure.hpp"
 #include <xo/expression2/ApplyExpr.hpp>
@@ -164,9 +165,9 @@ namespace xo {
             log && log(xtag("pc", pc_),
                        xtag("cont", cont_));
 
-            obj<APrintable> stack_pr
-                = (FacetRegistry::instance()
-                   .try_variant<APrintable,AGCObject>(stack_));
+            obj<APrintable> stack_pr = stack_.to_facet<APrintable>();
+//                = (FacetRegistry::instance()
+//                   .try_variant<APrintable,AGCObject>(stack_));
 
             if (stack_pr)
                 log && log(xtag("stack", stack_pr));
@@ -184,6 +185,9 @@ namespace xo {
             case vsm_opcode::evalargs:
                 _do_evalargs_op();
                 break;
+            case vsm_opcode::applycoda:
+                _do_applycoda_op();
+                break;
             }
 
             return true;
@@ -370,10 +374,68 @@ namespace xo {
 
             // TODO: check argument types
 
-            this->value_ = VsmResult(fn_.apply_nocheck(rcx_.to_op(), args_));
-            this->pc_ = cont_;
+            auto closure = obj<AGCObject,DClosure>::from(fn_);
 
-            return;
+            if (closure) {
+                _do_call_closure_op();
+                return;
+            } else {
+                _do_call_closure_op();
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void
+        VirtualSchematikaMachine::_do_call_closure_op()
+        {
+            // We need to preserve registers while evaluating
+            // lambda body
+
+            auto closure = obj<AGCObject,DClosure>::from(fn_);
+
+            // TODO: for tail recursion:
+            //       check whether stack_ already refers to a
+            //       DVsmApplyClosureFrame instance, in which case
+            //       we can just refer to it instead of pushing a new one
+
+            if (cont_ == VsmInstr::c_applycoda) {
+                // we are making a tail call.
+                // No need to preserve (stack, cont, local_env),
+                // since continuation will restore on top of them
+                // frame top stackframe anyway
+            } else {
+                obj<AGCObject,
+                    DVsmApplyClosureFrame> frame(
+                        DVsmApplyClosureFrame::make(mm_.to_op(),
+                                                    stack_,
+                                                    cont_,
+                                                    local_env_));
+
+                // push frame w/ saved vsm registers
+                this->stack_ = frame;
+                this->cont_ = VsmInstr::c_applycoda;
+            }
+
+            auto lambda = closure->lambda();
+
+            auto local_env
+                = DLocalEnv::_make(mm_.to_op(),
+                                   local_env_,
+                                   lambda->local_symtab(),
+                                   args_);
+
+            this->local_env_ = local_env;
+            this->expr_ = lambda->body_expr();
+            this->pc_ = VsmInstr::c_eval;
+        }
+
+        void
+        VirtualSchematikaMachine::_do_call_primitive_op()
+        {
+            auto fn = fn_.to_facet<AProcedure>();
+
+            this->value_ = VsmResult(fn.apply_nocheck(rcx_.to_op(), args_));
+            this->pc_ = cont_;
         }
 
         void
@@ -434,10 +496,11 @@ namespace xo {
                 = evalargs_frame->apply_expr();
 
             if (i_arg == -1) {
-                auto fn = value.to_facet<AProcedure>();
+                bool is_native_fn = value.to_facet<AProcedure>();
+                bool is_closure = obj<AGCObject,DClosure>::from(value);
 
-                if (fn) {
-                    apply_frame->assign_fn(fn);
+                if (is_native_fn || is_closure) {
+                    apply_frame->assign_fn(value);
 
                     i_arg = evalargs_frame->increment_arg();
 
@@ -493,6 +556,22 @@ namespace xo {
             assert(false);
         }
 
+        void
+        VirtualSchematikaMachine::_do_applycoda_op()
+        {
+            // see DVsmApplyClosureFrame
+
+            auto frame = obj<AGCObject,DVsmApplyClosureFrame>::from(stack_);
+
+            assert(frame);
+
+            this->stack_ = frame->stack();
+            this->local_env_ = frame->local_env();
+            this->pc_ = frame->cont();
+
+            // not implemented
+            assert(false);
+        }
     } /*namespace scm*/
 } /*namespace xo*/
 
diff --git a/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/VsmInstr.cpp b/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/VsmInstr.cpp
index ddcc8c20..02ac8325 100644
--- a/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/VsmInstr.cpp
+++ b/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/VsmInstr.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ namespace xo {
             case vsm_opcode::eval: return "eval";
             case vsm_opcode::apply: return "apply";
             case vsm_opcode::evalargs: return "evalargs";
+            case vsm_opcode::applycoda: return "applycoda";
             case vsm_opcode::N:
                 break;
             }
@@ -33,6 +34,9 @@ namespace xo {
 
         VsmInstr
         VsmInstr::c_evalargs = VsmInstr(vsm_opcode::evalargs);
+
+        VsmInstr
+        VsmInstr::c_applycoda = VsmInstr(vsm_opcode::applycoda);
     } /*namespace scm*/
 } /*namespace xo*/
 
diff --git a/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/interpreter2_register_facets.cpp b/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/interpreter2_register_facets.cpp
index f945956e..1548aeaf 100644
--- a/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/interpreter2_register_facets.cpp
+++ b/xo-interpreter2/src/interpreter2/interpreter2_register_facets.cpp
@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ namespace xo {
             FacetRegistry::register_impl<AGCObject, DPrimitive_gco_2_gco_gco>();
             FacetRegistry::register_impl<APrintable, DPrimitive_gco_2_gco_gco>();
 
-            FacetRegistry::register_impl<AProcedure, DClosure>();
-            FacetRegistry::register_impl<AGCObject, DClosure>();
-            FacetRegistry::register_impl<APrintable, DClosure>();
+//            FacetRegistry::register_impl<AProcedure, DClosure>();
+//            FacetRegistry::register_impl<AGCObject, DClosure>();
+//            FacetRegistry::register_impl<APrintable, DClosure>();
 
             // RuntimeContext
             // \- VsmRcx